What is International Trade?

• International Trade refers to the global exchange of capital goods and services. The concept of international trade, in essence, is at the foundation of macroeconomics; it is the bartering and trade relationship that exists across international border or territories. The concept is so massive and critical that it represents, in the majority of countries throughout the world, a significant percentage of gross domestic products.

• The effects of International Trade, in the United States for example, are seen all around society. When consumers in the U.S. purchase German-made cars, Swiss-made watches or Japanese electronics, they experience the end result of international trade. This concept, which has been maintained and utilized since the dawn of time, brings greater efficiency, as a result of economies of scale and specialization, to the global market place.

International Trade versus Domestic Trade:

• When compared to Domestic Trade, which is the exchange (purchase and sale) of products and services within a particular nation’s borders, International Trade, as a result of Domestic Trade’s inherently limited characteristics, is far more beneficial to the global marketplace. That being said, International Trade, conversely, raises national gross domestic product by providing expanding economic opportunities. It is therefore, crucial for the global economic community to participate and promote fair trade between participating nations.

• Furthermore, the ability of nations to trade openly with others in a free market place is essential to streamline the flow of products, to increase efficiency in terms of numerous economic aspects and to capitalize on a nation’s inherent, as well cultural specialties. To ensure that such standards are met, the United States has enforced various aspects of administrative law and more specifically government agencies to enforce regulation concerning the fulfillment of fair and equal trade.

What is International Trade Law?

• International Trade Law includes various rules customs to promote the fair handling of trade between countries. This particular branch of law is an independent field of study, for most government bodies have become part of the international trade market as members of the World Trade Organization.

• The World Trade Organization, which was established in 1995, is a formal international organization responsible for regulating trade between countries. Because of this function, the World Trade Organization is regarded as the most important development in the history of International Trade Law. The primary purpose, in addition to the structure of the organization, is government by the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, labeled the “Marrakesh Agreement.” This framework does not specify the actual rules that govern international trade in specific areas, but instead, provides a framework for the administration and implementation of international agreements. Furthermore, the agreement establishes a steady trade policy review mechanism and promotes coherence among all members of the WTO.

• Using the framework established by the World Trade Organization, the United States’ governing body, particularly an assortment of government agencies, implements administrative law to ensure that international trade policy is not violated.

What is the Administrative Procedure Act?

The Administrative Procedure Act, officially enacted on June 11th of 1946, is a United States federal law that governs the way in which administrative agencies (positioned within the United States federal government) may propose and subsequently establish regulations.

What is the Due Process Clause?

Due process refers to the legal principle that the government must respect all legal rights that are distributed and owed to a person according to the law. Due process affirms that the government must be subservient to the law of the land and must protect individual persons from the state. If or when a governing body harms a person without following the exact procedure of the law it triggers a due process violation, which in turn, violates the rule of law.

Furthermore, the due process clause has also been frequently interpreted as limiting legal proceedings and laws in general, so that judges, as oppose to legislators, may define and guarantee justice, liberty and fundamental fairness.

What are Executive Agencies?

Also referred to as next-step departments, executive agencies are a part of a government department (in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland) that is treated as budgetarily, as well as managerially, independent. This relationship and self-funding status is established in order to perform some part of the executive functions of the United Kingdom government, the Scottish Government, the Northern Ireland Executive or the Welsh Assembly.

What is the Federal Register?

The Federal Register is the official journal or publication of the United States federal government. The Federal Register contains the majority of routine publications and public notices of various government agencies and is compiled by the Office of the Federal Register. The publication, which is circulated daily, is printed by the Government Printing Office. There are presently no copyright restrictions on works within the Federal Register, because the publication is labeled as a work of the United States Federal Government and is therefore considered to be in the public domain.

The Federal Register was officially created in 1935 under the Federal Register Act and was subsequently improved and amended by the Administrative Procedure Act in June of 1946. As the main source of news for the agencies operating within the United States federal government, the Federal Register contains the following contents: news regarding proposed new rules and regulations; official transcripts documents and elucidating upon final rules; all changes to existing rules and notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings.

What are Independent Agencies?

An independent agency or regulatory agency is a public authority or government agency responsible for exercising a specific form of autonomous authority over some area of human or supervisory activity. The key characteristic of independent agencies is that they are funded by outside organizations or private donors and are held separately, in regards to full regulation, from other branches of the United States federal government.

The majority of independent agencies focus in the area of administrative law—the field of law that studies implements and evaluates various regulations or rulemaking procedures, in addition to codifying and enforcing such rules and regulations for the benefit of the public at large. The justification in regards to the existence of independent agencies is realized through an evaluation regarding the complexity of certain regulatory and supervisory tasks that mandate a specific set of skills or expertise.

What is Statutory Law?

Statutory law is an affirmed legal code offered by a legislature or lawmaker. The laws which encompass statutory law differ from regulatory law, which are promulgated by an executive branch or common law judicial system. Furthermore, regulatory laws are typically established through precedent and offered by judges presiding over a legal matter. Statutory law is built off statutes; a statute may originate with a national legislation, state legislatures or local municipalities.

What is a Statute?

Statutes are formal written enactments of a legislative body that governs a state, city or county. Typically, statutes command, regulate or prohibit an action or declare a policy. In a general sense, they are localized laws, which govern a particular jurisdiction in the United States; the terms is primarily used to distinguish laws made by legislative bodies from case law, which are decided by courts and through regulations issued by government agencies. Regardless of their formation, all statutes of a lower jurisdiction are subordinate to a higher court system.
.
In the United States, the majority of laws are created through the evaluation of a legal case; when a judge offers a verdict, his or her decision essentially becomes the law that will govern a similar case. While a judge can create laws in a common law jurisdiction, the executive branch or acting legislature can also make the law. This classification is outlined in the United States Constitution; the Constitution sets forth such a distinction under the doctrine of “Separation of Powers.”

What are Legislators?

• Legislators are government employees who are responsible for writing and subsequently passing laws for a governing system, such as the United States Federal Government. Legislators, primarily those who hold a spot as a legislator, are typically politicians and are often elected by the people in a democratic fashion. Legislators may institute regulations in a federal setting, such as those individuals in Congress, for a local establishment, such as various local authorities, or in a supra-national role, for example, the United Nations general Assembly. Whatever the location or administrative power, all legislators are required to institute and evaluate legal regulations or laws with a broad microscope to effectively distribute fair and equal justice for all those in a society.

• Legislators and the Legislative body in general represent the foundation for the political theory known as the separation of powers. This theory, which is what the United States’ Federal Government maintains, requires all legislators to be different individuals from the members of the judiciary and executive branch. That being said, some political systems do not adhere to this theory; for example, in the United Kingdom, the executive is formed almost exclusively from legislators, while the judiciary is predominantly independent.

What are the Duties of Legislators?

• Legislators are those individuals in a governing body that decide on policy and distribute laws, which are then carried out by a judicial or law enforcement agency. As stated before, legislators in the United States can take the form of federal representatives in Congress or local representatives acting on a city council. Whatever the jurisdictional power may be, the same fundamental duties and responsibilities are carried out these government officials on behalf of the public.

• One of the primary duties of all legislators is to review the issues that are presently affecting the public. These issues, which typically arise as a result of social shifts or the introduction of new technologies, are mitigated by regulations and the passing of laws. For instance, when the automobile was introduced as a consumer item, it was up to legislators to review the dangers and environmental impacts these machines posed to the public. Upon review of such affects, legislators passed laws to dissipate the negative externalities and affects posed by the drastic shift caused by the introduction. These laws were then subsequently amended and updated to meet evolving society. For example, more recently, a review of modern automobiles and the issues they present led to an assortment of new laws instituting various requirements for all new vehicles sold. The evolution of the automobile is just one broad example of how legislators adjust their authority and carry-out their responsibility.

• In addition to reviewing issues and creating laws based off such analysis, legislators are expected to make decisions regarding social and governmental policy. The decision-making process regarding the issues and problems they are presented with is perhaps the most fundamental role of all legislators. That being said, as public figures, it is crucial to note, that all legislators are enforced to make and decide on such rules with good moral judgment. Accepting bribes and making policy that will only benefit a certain group of individuals is considered a highly illegal action. Corruption, although present in the majority of governments, is a mechanism that slows down efficiency and productivity; a lawmaker’s behavior should reflect the trust that the people instilled in that person when they decided to elect him or her.

What are Lawmakers in regards to Administrative Law?

Lawmakers, or legislators, are persons who write and pass laws for a governing system, such as the United States Federal Government. Lawmakers, primarily those who hold a spot as a legislator, are typically politicians and are often elected by the people in a democratic fashion. Lawmakers may institute regulations in a regional setting, such as those in the National Assembly for Wales, for a local establishment, such as various local authorities, or in a supra-national role, for example, the United Nations general Assembly. Whatever the location or administrative power, all lawmakers are required to institute and evaluate legal regulations or laws with a broad microscope to effectively distribute fair and equal justice for all those in a society.

Lawmakers and the Legislative body in general represent the foundation for the political theory known as the separation of powers. This theory, which is what the United States’ Federal Government maintains, requires all lawmakers to be different individuals from the members of the judiciary and executive branch. That being said, some political systems do not adhere to this theory; for example, in the United Kingdom, the executive is formed almost exclusively from legislators, while the judiciary is predominantly independent.

What are the Duties of Lawmakers?

Lawmakers are those individuals in a governing body that decide on policy and distribute laws, which are then carried out by a judicial or law enforcement agency. As stated before, lawmakers in the United States can take the form of federal representatives in Congress or local representatives acting on a city council. Whatever the jurisdictional power may be, the same fundamental duties and responsibilities are carried out these government officials on behalf of the public.

One of the primary duties of all lawmakers is to review the issues that are presently affecting the public. These issues, which typically arise as a result of social shifts or the introduction of new technologies, are mitigated by regulations and the passing of laws. For instance, when the automobile was introduced as a consumer item, it was up to lawmakers to review the dangers and environmental impacts these machines posed to the public. Upon review of such affects, legislators passed laws to dissipate the negative externalities and affects posed by the drastic shift caused by the introduction. These laws were then subsequently amended and updated to meet evolving society. For example, more recently, a review of modern automobiles and the issues they present led to an assortment of new laws instituting various requirements for all new vehicles sold. The evolution of the automobile is just one broad example of how lawmakers adjust their authority and carry-out their responsibility.

In addition to reviewing issues and creating laws based off such analysis, lawmakers are expected to make decisions regarding social and governmental policy. The decision-making process regarding the issues and problems they are presented with is perhaps the most fundamental role of all lawmakers. That being said, as public figures, it is crucial to note, that all lawmakers are enforced to make and decide on such rules with good moral judgment. Accepting bribes and making policy that will only benefit a certain group of individuals is considered a highly illegal action. Corruption, although present in the majority of governments, is a mechanism that slows down efficiency and productivity; a lawmaker’s behavior should reflect the trust that the people instilled in that person when they decided to elect him or her.